Active and Passive Voice (कर्तृ तथा कर्म वाच्य)
There are two types of voices in English.
1. Active Voice
2. Passive Voice
1. Active Voice (कर्तृ वाच्य):
Active का शाब्दिक अर्थ होता हैं - सक्रिय होना। जब वाक्य में कर्ता (subject) स्वयं सक्रिय होता हैं, अर्थात् जब कर्ता स्वयं कार्य करता हैं तो यह Active voice कहलाता हैं।
Jhankar eats the food.
उपरोक्त वाक्य में भोजन करने में स्वयं subject सक्रिय हैं, अर्थात् "झंकार स्वयं भोजन कर रहा हैं तो यह Active voice का वाक्य है।
2. Passive Voice (कर्म वाच्य):
Passive का शाब्दिक अर्थ होता हैं - निष्क्रिय होना। जब वाक्य में कर्ता (subject) स्वयं निष्क्रिय होता हैं तथा verb के अनुसार कार्य किया जाता हैं तो यह Passive voice का वाक्य कहलाता हैं।
The food is eaten by Jhankar.
Forms of personal pronoun
Person | Nominative (Subject) | Accusative (Object) | Possessive (Possession) |
1st Person | I | Me | My, Mine |
We | Us | Our, Ours | |
2nd Person | Thou | Thee | Thy, Thine |
You | You | Your, Yours | |
3rd Person | He | Him | His |
She | Her | Her, Hers | |
It | It | Its | |
They | Them | Their, Theirs | |
Who | Whom | Whose |
Example:
The peon rings the first bell at 10 O'clock. (Active)
The first bell is rung at 10 O'clock. (Passive)
My father teaches me English. (Active)
I am taught English by my father. (Passive)
In the active voice, the subject of the verb is the person or thing that does the action. In the passive voice, the action is done to the subject.
कर्तृ वाच्य में कर्ता कोई क्रिया करता हैं, जबकि कर्म वाच्य में कर्ता निष्क्रिय रहता हैं।
Passive voices in English indicate the shift of interest from the doer (subject) of the action to the object of the action.
कर्म वाच्यों में क्रिया के कर्ता के बजाय कर्म पर अधिक जोर दिया जाता हैं।
The object of the Transitive verb in the Active voice becomes the subject of the verb in Passive voice.
कर्त वाच्य में सकर्मक क्रिया का कर्म, कर्म वाच्य में क्रिया का कर्ता बन जाता हैं।
The passive voice are formed with a suitable form of be+V-3rd. Only Transitive verbs (verb which take an object) can be used in passive voice.
सहायक क्रिया be की उचित form तथा V-3 का प्रयोग कर कर्म वाच्य बनाये जाते हैं। कर्म वाच्य में केवल सकर्मक क्रिया का ही प्रयोग करते हैं।
Active voice को Passive voice में बदलते समय निम्न क्रम ध्यान में रखते हैं -
1. वाक्य में सबसे पहले वाक्य के Object को Subject में बदल कर लिखते हैं।
2. Subject के तुरन्त बाद में कर्ता के अनुसार helping verb लिखते हैं।
3. Verb की 3 form लगाते हैं।
4. यदि आवश्यक हो by लगाते हैं।
5. अन्त में subject को Object बना कर लिख देते हैं।
Active से Passive बनाते समय object को subject और subject को object के स्थान पर ले आते हैं तथा object के पहले प्रायः by लगा देते हैं ।
जैसे -
Active : Ajay writes a letter.
Passive : A letter is written by Ajay.
First Sentence में Ajay, subject है और letter, object है लेकिन दूसरे वाक्य में letter को subject तथा Ajay को 'by' preposition का object बना दिया है।
दिए हुए verb, का Past Participle बनाकर उसके पहले उसी Tense का verb 'to be' (am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being) का रूप लगा दिया जाता है , जैसा की निम्न तालिका में दिया गया है :
Tense | Simple | Contin-uous | Perfect | Perfect Contin-uous |
Present | am | am being | has been | Not Possible |
Past | was | was being | had been | Not Possible |
Future | will be | Not Possible | will have been | Not Possible |
Present Tense | |
Simple
| He kills a snake. (Active) |
A snake is killed by him. (Passive) | |
Continuous
| He is killing a snake. (Active) |
A snake is being killed by him. (Passive) | |
Perfect
| He has killed a snake. (Active) |
A snake has been killed by him. (Passive) | |
Past Tense | |
Simple
| He killed a snake. (Active) |
A snake was killed by him. (Passive) | |
Continuous
| He was killing a snake. (Active) |
A snake was being killed by him. (Passive) | |
Perfect
| He had killed a snake. (Active) |
A snake had been killed by him. (Passive) | |
Future Tense | |
Simple
| He will kill a snake. (Active) |
A snake will be killed by him. (Passive) | |
Perfect
| He will have killed a snake. (Active) |
A snake will have been killed by him. (Passive) | |
Pattern of passive voice:
Object + helping verb + V-3rd + by + Subject.
(Subject के रुप में) (Suitable form of "be") (Object के रुप में)
1. Pattern of Passive Voice (Present Tense)
1. Present Indefinite Tense
Object+ls/are/am+V-3rd+by+Subject.
Assertive | Ram eats the food. (Active voice) |
The food is eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Negative | Ram does not eat the food. (Active voice) |
The food is not eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Interrogative | Does Ram eat the food? (Active voice) |
Is the food eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) | |
Why does Ram eat the food? (Active voice) | |
Why is the food eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) |
2. Present Continuous Tense
Object+is/are/am+being+V-3rd +by+Subject.
Assertive | Ram is eating the food. (Active voice) |
The food is being eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Negative | Ram is not eating the food. (Active voice) |
The food is not being eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Interrogative | Is Ram eating the food? (Active voice) |
Is the food being eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) | |
Why is Ram eating the food? (Active voice) | |
Why is the food being eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) |
3. Present Perfect Tense
Object + Has/have + been + V-3rd + by + Subject.
Assertive | Ram has eaten the food. (Active voice) |
The food has been eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Negative | Ram has not eaten the food. (Active voice) |
The food has not been eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Interrogative | Has Ram eaten the food? (Active voice) |
Has the food been eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) | |
Why has Ram eaten the food? (Active voice) | |
Why has the food been eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) |
2. Pattern of Passive voice (Past tense)
1. Past Indefinite Tense
Object + Was/were + V-3rd + by + Subject.
Assertive | Ram ate the food. (Active voice) |
The food was eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Negative | Ram did not eat the food. (Active voice) |
The food was not eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Interrogative | Did Ram eat the food? (Active voice) |
Was the food eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) | |
Why did Ram eat the food? (Active voice) | |
Why was the food eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) |
2. Past Continuous Tense
Object + Was / were + being + V-3rd + by + Subject.
Assertive | Ram was eating the food. (Active voice) |
The food was being eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Negative | Ram was not eating the food. (Active voice) |
The food was not being eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Interrogative | Was Ram eating the food? (Active voice) |
Was the food being eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) | |
Why was Ram eating the food? (Active voice) | |
Why was the food being eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) |
3. Past Perfect Tense
Object + had + been + V-3rd + by + Subject.
Assertive | Ram had eaten the food. (Active voice) |
The food had been eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Negative | Ram had not eaten the food. (Active voice) |
The food had not been eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Interrogative | Had Ram eaten the food? (Active voice) |
Had the food been eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) | |
Why had Ram eaten the food? (Active voice) | |
Why had the food been eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) |
(3) Pattern of Passive voice (Future tense)
1. Future Indefinite Tense
Object + Will / shall + be + V-3rd + by + Subject.
Assertive | Ram will eat the food. (Active voice) |
The food will be eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Negative | Ram will not eat the food. (Active voice) |
The food will not be eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Interrogative | Will Ram eat the food? (Active voice) |
Will the food be eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) | |
Why will Ram eat the food? (Active voice) | |
Why will the food be eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) |
2. Future Perfect Tense
Object + will have /shall have + been + V-3rd + by + Subject.
Assertive | Ram will have eaten the food. (Active voice) |
The food will have been eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Negative | Ram will not have eaten the food. (Active voice) |
The food will not have been eaten by Ram. (Passive voice) | |
Interrogative | Will Ram have eaten the food? (Active voice) |
Will the food have been eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) | |
Why will Ram have eaten the food? (Active voice) | |
Why will the food have been eaten by Ram? (Passive voice) |
(4) Pattern of Passive voice (Modal Auxiliaries)
Must, Can, Could, Shall, Should, Will, Would, May, Might, Ought to, Need not आदि Modal के बाद में Passive voice में helping verb हमेशा be का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Object + modal + be + V-3rd + by + Subject.
Example:
- You must write a letter. (Active)
A letter must be written by you. (Passive)
- You must not touch the switch. (Active)
The switch must not be touched by you. (Passive)
Would have के साथ Passive voice में हमेशा been का प्रयोग किया जाता हैं।
Example:
He would have done it. (Active)
It would have been done by him. (Passive)
(5) Pattern of Passive voice ("To" Infinitive, क्रिया से पहले to)
Object + helping verb + to be + V-3rd + by + Subject.
Tense तथा object के अनुसार helping verb का प्रयोग करते हैं।
She is to cook the food. (Active)
The food is to be cooked by her. (Passive)
(6) Pattern of Passive voice (Imperative sentences)
Imperative sentences (आज्ञा या प्रार्थना सूचक वाक्य) निम्न प्रकार से प्रारम्भ होते हैं।
1. Starting with 1st form of the verb:
Imperative sentences का Passive Voice "Let" से प्रारम्र होता हैं तथा helping verb "be" का प्रयोग किया जाता हैं।
Assertive sentences:
Let + object + be + V-3rd
Negative sentences:
Let + object + not be + V-3rd
Example:
- Stop the work. (Active)
Let the work be stopped. (Passive)
- Don't stop the work. (Active)
Let the work not be stopped. (Passive)
2. Starting with "Let":
Let + object + be + V-3rd + By + subject
Example:
- Let him do it. (Active)
Let it be done by him (Passive)
- Let me try this question. (Active)
Let this question be tried by me. (Passive)
3. Imperative sentences without object (Intransitive verb):
Imperative sentence के वाक्यों को उनके भावार्थ देने वाली क्रिया का प्रयोग कर Passive voice बनाया जाता हैं।
You are + भावार्थ देने वाली क्रिया की 3rd form + to + Active voice का वाक्य ज्यों का त्यों
भावार्थ देने वाली क्रियाए निम्न हैं -
आज्ञा देना | Ordered |
हुक्म देना | Commanded |
विनती करना | Requested |
सलाह देना | Advised |
सुझाव देना | Suggested |
प्रस्ताव देना | Proposed |
मना करना | Forbidden |
भीख मांगना | Begged |
चेतावनी देना | Beseeched |
Example:
- Please keep quite. (Active)
You are requested to keep quite. (Passive)
- Take milk and fruit daily. (Active)
You are advised to take milk and fruit daily. (Passive)
- Work hard. (Active)
You are advised to work hard. (Passive)
Imperative sentences के वाक्यों को उनके भावर्थ के अनुसार Modals का प्रयोग कर भी passive बनाया जाता हैं।
Example:
- Help the needy. (Active)
The needy should be helped. (Passive)
(7) Pattern of Passive voice (starting with "who or which")
Sentences starting with "Who":
By whom + Is / are/ am Or Was / were + object + V-3rd
Example:
- Who gave him a book? (Active)
By whom was he given a book? (Passive)
Sentences starting with "which":
By which + given noun + Is/are/am Or Was/were + object + V-3rd
Example:
- Which boy was telling a story? (Active)
By which boy was a story being told? (Passive)
(8) Pattern of Passive voice (with "Unimportant subject")
Active voice के वाक्यों में subject के रूप में somebody, someone, everyone, everybody, all of them या the people आ जाए तो passive voice बनाते समय उन्हें लिखा या बोला नही जाता।
Object + Helping verb + V-3rd
Example:
- Someone posted the letter. (Active)
The letter was posted. (Passive)
- People take the tea in the morning. (Active)
Tea is taken in the morning. (Passive)
- Someone is waiting for you in the room. (Active)
You are being waited in the room. (Passive)
- Many people take tea in tea evening. (Active)
Tea is taken by many people in the morning. (Passive)
Many people, some people are important subjects.
(9) Pattern of Passive voice (--going to--)
Object + Is/are/am Or Was/were + Going to be + V-3rd + by + Subject.
Example:
- We are going to win the match. (Active)
The match is going to be won by us. (Passive)
- We are going to play the football. (Active)
The football is going to be played by us. (Passive)
(10) Pattern of Passive voice (Object followed by "Any")
Active voice के वाक्यों में object के पूर्व यदि any आ जाए तो any को no में बदल दिया जाता हैं। passive voice के वाक्यों में not नहीं लगाते हैं।
Example:
- He does not buy anything. (Active)
Nothing is bought by him. (Passive)
(11) Pattern of Passive voice (without object & with that clause)
Active voice के वाक्य जिनमे object नही हो तथा that clause आया हो तो that से पूर्व आने वाली क्रिया के अनुसार passive voice बनाते हैं।
It + ls/Was/will be + V-3rd + that clause
Example:
- They hope that it will rain. (Active)
It is hoped that it will rain. (Passive)
- People say that health is wealth. (Active)
It is said that health is wealth. (Passive)
- Nobody knows that how vast the space is. (Active)
It is not known that how vast the space is. (Passive)
(12) Pattern of Passive voice (special cases)
Passive voice बनाते समय कुछ verb के बाद निश्चित रूप से Preposition का प्रयोग किया जाता हैं।
1. At-
Astonished (चकित किया), Surprised (चकित किया), Alarmed (चकित किया), Shocked (चकित किया) के बाद At का प्रयोग किया जाता हैं।
Example:
- The news shocked me. (Active)
I was shocked at the news. (Passive)
- His victory astonished us. (Active)
We are astonished at his victory. (Passive)
2. With -
Tired (थका दिया), Satisfied (संतुष्टी), Charmed (आकर्षित किया), Disgusted (अप्रसन्न किया) के बाद With का प्रयोग किया जाता हैं।
Example:
- The long journey tired me. (Active)
I was tired with long journey. (Passive)
- Your service satisfies me. (Active)
I am satisfied with your service. (Passive)
Note: Pleased/Displeased के बाद भावार्थ के अनुसार with या at का प्रयोग किया जाता हैं।
Example:
- He pleased them. (Active)
They were pleased with them. (Passive)
- Your wit pleased him. (Active)
He was pleased at your wit. (Passive)
3. In -
Interested के बाद In का प्रयोग किया जाता हैं।
Example:
- Poetry interests me. (Active)
I am interested in poetry. (Passive)
4. To-
Known के बाद To का प्रयोग किया जाता हैं।
Example:
- He knows me. (Active)
I am known to him. (Passive)
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